Louis, marquis of Phélypeaux The defeat suffered at La Hougue last year has discouraged the king from attempting a new grand strategic manoeuvre as the destruction of the Allied fleet or the invasion of England. King Louis XIV, 55, and his Secretary for the Navy, Louis de Phélypeaux, 49, have decided to focus on attacking the Anglo-Dutch trade in the Atlantic ocean with their main Western fleet under steady Anne-Hilarion de Costentin, count of Tourville's command. This is

Une idée a traversé la sagesse grecque pendant des siècles. Elle vient d’un des Sept Sages fondateurs de la philosophie, Anacharsis semble-t-il. Elle fait des gens qui sont en mer une catégorie entre les vivants et les morts, livrée au hasard du vent et des vagues. Appareiller, c’est jouer sa vie et disparaître du monde dès que le bateau passe l’horizon. Plus encore que les marins antiques, ceux de l’ère des découvertes ont vécu cet exil. Ils ont accompli de longs périple

En 1602, est fondée à Amsterdam la Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , la compagnie des Indes orientales. C’est une société par actions, ce qui est assez nouveau. Elle remplace plusieurs entreprises de commerce avec les Indes apparues au cours des sept années précédentes. Les Staten-Generaal des Provinces-Unies – sénat & parlement réunis – la dotent d’une charte lui assurant le privilège du commerce avec l’Asie pour 21 ans. La VOC va devenir la plus puissante entreprise de

92-gun three-decker Prins Willem Last year, Cornelis Evertsen, 42 years old, Lieutnant-Admiral of Zealand has replaced Tromp as Lieutnant-Admiral General. He is known as being both gallant and skilful, and also considered as politically neutral, in contrast with Tromp, an active Orangist. Present time requires consensus behind Prince Willem for a war against France is considered as short-term unavoidable by every observer. ¤ Moreover, Tromp is certainly known as competent

Cornelis Marteenszoon Tromp The Staten-Generaal, that is the assembly of senate and house of representatives, has decided to build thirty-six ships to replace the core of the fleet built in the 1660s. This decision results, first, from the French threat, on land as at sea, and, second, from the decay of the ships hastily built in the 1660s, many having already been broken up. ¤ As everybody knows, Duquesne defeated Ruyter in the Mediterranean sea in 1676, and D'Estrées defe

Anne-Hilarion de Costentin, comte de Tourville Many ship constructions have already been ordered since the opening of this war between France and the Grand Alliance of England, of the United Provinces and of most of the states of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nations, including Austria and Brandenburg, joined by Spain last year. Yet the late French victory near Beachy Head has exacerbated arms race. The defeat of the Anglo-Dutch fleet led by Arthur Herbert, earl of Torring

The United Provinces and France have been at war for five years. They have been struggling for ruling the seas while the Royal Navy has fallen third. A key character, Samuel Pepys, 44 years old, convinces his peers to initiate an unexpected recovery through an extraordinary investment. Samuel Pepys A member of the Royal Society and positioned as the mainstay at the Admiralty, he became Secretary of Admiralty in 1673 and, the same year, a Member of Parliament. His influence

England has enacted a new Navigation act which reinforces the constraints of the previous one (1651). In short it imposes to its trade, home and colonial, import as export, to be carried by British ships handled by British crews for the three quarters of their hands. This is a blatant reaction to the hegemony of the merchant fleet of the United Provinces, three times the tonnage under the English flag which is second in the world. This is also an expression of the policy of